Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil

Ezenwelu Chijioke Obinna; Ilechukwu Cyril Chijioke; Iloanya Lauretta Eberechukwu; Onwah Joy; Chigbo Malachy Chidiebere; Oparaji Emeka Henry

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11

Research Article |

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Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil

Ezenwelu Chijioke Obinna

, Ilechukwu Cyril Chijioke, Iloanya Lauretta Eberechukwu, Onwah Joy, Chigbo Malachy Chidiebere, Oparaji Emeka Henry^*

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 10, Issue 4)

Received: 25 September 2024 Accepted: 28 October 2024 Published: 22 November 2024

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Abstract

There has been increasing influx of noxious pollutants into the ecosystem, these recalcitrant affect all biosphere of life including human progression. Petroleum compounds are the chief source of hydrocarbons and their processing contributes to various fractions of potent poisons into the ecosystem. Petroleum hydrocarbon impacted soil was sampled from spilled sites located within the hinters of Rivers state Nigeria and using a spectroscopic assay method, they were examined for the presence of heavy metals and chemicals associated to bisphenol-A bioaccumulation. The collection point for the control experiment was roughly 1.04 kilometers away from the suburban city. The test and control studies revealed the presence of heavy metals Fe, Pb, and Cu, respectively. However, the concentrations of Fe and Pb were rather high, measuring 14.01±0.05b and 3.52±0.2a mg/ml, respectively. Cu was found at 3.22±025^c and 1.08±045^c mg/ml for the test and control experiment respectively while 4.56±0.15^c mg/g of Pb was identified in the test experiment only Heavy metals of Cd, Ni, As, Pb and Mn were below detectable limit in both experiments, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that sample II's amide I was severely deformed, but all of the damaged soil samples had significant hydroxylation at about 3300 cm-1. The impacted soil sample also exhibited evidence of amide I bending. Because of the population's increasing demand for elite supplies, there is a growing number of oil drilling and exploration businesses in our nation, making the current study of clinical and environmental health vital. The results of this assessment will serve as a suitable manual for monitoring organizations, enabling them to strictly enforce policies for exploration and tighten all departure ports in order to safeguard the ecosystem right away.

Published in	Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 10, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11
Page(s)	78-84
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Petroleum Hydrocarbon, Heavy Metals, Bisphenol-A, FTIR-Spectroscopy

1. Introduction

Environmental impacts on soil are hence mainly attributed to the petroleum industries; this is because petroleum hydrocarbon impacted soil causes organic pollution of the local ground water. One of the major environmental problems we have today is hydrocarbon contamination giving rise to heavy metals and organic compound such as Bisphenol A resulting from the activities related to petrochemical industries. Crude oil, a complex hydrogen pollutant is made up of different mixtures of compounds

[1, 2, 4, 6]

. Petroleum hydrocarbons can be divided into four classes: Aromatics, Saturated, Asphaltenes (phenols, fatty acids, ketones, porphyrins and esters) and Resins (quinolones, carbazoles, amides, pyridines and sulfoxides); which are reported frequently as petroleum hydrocarbon impacted soil contaminants

[2]

The communities which were exposed to hydrocarbons became adapted, exhibiting selective enrichment and genetic changes.

The primary energy source for daily living and the industrial sector is petroleum-based goods

[8, 23, 27, 29]

. Regular accidents and leaks happen when exploring for oil, extracting it, refining it, transporting it, and storing petroleum and petroleum products

[12, 39, 45].

Hydrocarbon-contaminated soil severely harms regional ecosystems because contaminants build up in the tissues of plants and animals, sometimes leading to mutagenic or fatal outcomes. Concerns about worldwide public health, particularly in developing nations, have recently increased due to environmental contamination caused by high concentrations of organic chemicals and heavy

[10]

. According to Oparaji et al.

[33]

copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) are the main hazardous heavy metals that cause soil pollution. When organic contaminants are released into the environment, they are difficult to remove, unlike heavy metals, which eventually break down into carbon dioxide and water. Until they are released by modifications in the hydrogeology, weather patterns, or the abundance of plants, these metals remain in the environment after attaching to soils and sediments

[20, 29]

Furthermore, organic substances like bisphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are produced by burning or disposing of trash from homes, businesses, electronics, plastics, and medical applications, seem to find a home in polluted soils

[25, 26]

. These organic compounds exhibit excellent durability, poor mobility, and a strong affinity for soil organic materials in the soil. Additionally, it has been noted that contamination by heavy metals frequently coexists with contamination by other contaminants in dumpsites where solid wastes are burned

[30, 38]

The chemical bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in a variety of consumer goods, medical supplies, and drinking water in small amounts

[31]

. It is a significant industrial chemical that is frequently employed as epoxy resin and polycarbonate plastic monomers

[14, 5].

Everyday items that come into touch with food, like plastic bottles, cups, plates, goblets, and storage containers, often contain BPA.

Heavy metals which are natural substances in the Earth’s crust, are widely spread in environment and foods. They defined as those elements having an atomic number greater than 20 and atomic density above 5gcm³ and must exhibit the properties of a metal

[13-18]

. The heavy metals can be broadly classified into two categories: Essential and Non-essential heavy metals.

Existing knowledge and literature acknowledges the importance and necessity of quantification of heavy metals and Bisphenol A present in the petroleum contaminated soil, but a comprehensive investigation into the chemical composition and concentrations of these compounds is necessary for more understanding. The lack of detailed information hinders both the scientific progress and effective environmental management practices. This study is carried out to help bridge the gap by utilizing advanced analytical techniques to ascertain the specific heavy metals and bisphenolA present in soil samples impacted by petroleum hydrocarbon. Through this quantification analysis and the exploration of their spatial distribution, the research aims at providing an understanding of the environmental implications and hazards contamination by heavy metals and bisphenol A and ensuring the restoration of soil quality with the preservation of ecosystem health around the globe.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

All the reagents, equipment used in the present study were of analytical grade and products of BDh, May and Baker, Sigma Alrich. The equipments are calibrated at each use.

2.2. Methods

Collection of the Experimental Samples

2.3. Soil Samples

Petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil was collected Agbada oil field (LONG.7° 00”,57°.3” E; LAT. 4° 53”,70°.04” N) located at Portharcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria as described by Ezenwelu et al.

[19]

. The soil was collected in clean sterile sample containers and was taken to the lab for further experiments.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 1. Site area of the collected soil sample.

2.4. Heavy Metal Determination

Iron (Fe) using spectrophotometer

Iron from the soil sample was identified using spectrophotometric assay method as described by Morris

[27]

Soil digestion for heavy metal analysis

Five grams (5g) of the soil samples were digested in 250 ml conical flask by adding 30 ml of aqua regia (HNO₃, HCl and HF in the ratio 3:2:1) and heated on a hot plate until volume remains about 7-12 ml as described by

[13, 28]

. The digest were filtered using what-man filter paper and the volume was made up to the mark in a 50ml volumetric flask, and will then be stored in a plastic container for atomic absorption spectra (AAS) analysis.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis of the impacted soil sampled from Agbada oil field were recorded at room temperature using 400 Perkin Elmer Agilent spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CA, USA) as described by Antonio et al.

[7]

. Spectra produced from the Agilent machine was recorded from 4000 cm⁻¹ to 500 cm⁻¹ wavelength numbers. Samples were thoroughly pasted with KBr at a sample/KBr ratio of 1:40. Spectra were obtained with a resolution of 4 cm−1 and were averaged over 32 scans.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Data generated from the study were subjected to single way analysis of variance and the analysed empirical was presented as mean± SD.

3. Results

Tables below show the heavy metals bio-presence in the sampled petroleum hydrocarbon impacted soil from Agbada oil field, Rivers state, Nigeria. From the table respectively clinical implicated heavy metals such as As, Cd, Ni and Mn were found below detectable limits in all the samples.

Table 1. Heavy metal quantification in the soil samples.

Heavy metals	Control	point 1
Iron (Mg/ml)	3.52±0.2a	14.01±0.05b
Cadmium(Mg/ml)	BDL	BDL
Nickel (Mg/ml)	BDL	BDL
Arsenic(Mg/ml)	BDL	BDL
Lead (Mg/ml)	BDL	4.56±0.15c
Manganese (Mg/ml)	BDL	BDL
Copper (Mg/ml)	1.08±0.45c	3.22±025c

BDL= BELOW DETECTABLE LIMIT n=3

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 2. FTIR spectroscopy analysis of reference soil sample.

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Figure 3. FTIR spectroscopy analysis of impacted soil sample.

4. Discussion

In this oil-rich region, there is currently an unparalleled surge in the upstream and downstream operations of the oil and related industries

[15, 3]

. According to Valero

[42]

, these oil firms and their allies have produced a wide range of pollutants over time, including gaseous emissions, oil spills, effluents, and solid wastes, which have severely contaminated the environment. It is noted that these frontier companies only take fewer oil barrels into the drilling process because many of the petroleum compounds are lined within the oil muds, despite the pollution and various vulnerabilities created during the drilling of these petroleum compounds within the oil muds of the oil refineries.

The current investigation involved the measurement of heavy metals and related chemicals in soil samples affected by petroleum hydrocarbons. Using an atomic absorption spectroscopy equipment, heavy metal analysis revealed that, for the test and control experiments, respectively, Fe was 14.01±0.05b and 3.52±0.2a mg/ml. Cu was measured in the test and control experiments at 3.22±025c and 1.08±045c mg/ml, respectively, while Pb was only detected in the test experiment at 4.56±0.15c mg/g. In both treatments, Cd, Ni, As, and Pb were found to be below detectable limits, however Mn was determined to be 0.011 in only the test trial. The outcome is consistent with research conducted by Onugbolu and Adieze

[11, 13, 15, 27]

on the physicochemical characteristics of spent engine oil spilled sites within artisanal workshops in Enugu state. Their findings revealed that heavy metals Fe and Zn were absent from the site, while tests on Hg, Pb, and As revealed levels below detectable limits. WHO

[44]

states that Pb can displace calcium from fish, animals, and bone. It also sustains toxicity from free heavy metals, chemicals, and radicals by covalently attaching to sulfhydry bonds, which deactivates enzymes connected to cysteines

[3]

. Moreover, multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that elevated cadmium levels in the body can harm various organs such as the liver, kidney, and testes

[4]	Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2010). Public Health Statements: Used mineral based crankcase oil. ATSDR. Atlanta Georgia.
[5]	Al-sayed, H., Mahasneh, A. and Al-Saad, J. (1994). Variations of Trace Metal Ions Concentrations in Sea Water and Pearl Oyster Pinctada radiate Frombahrain (Arabian Gulf). Marine pollution bulletin, 28:370-374.
[6]	Amin, N., Allobaidy, E. and Ahmad, T. (2015). Contamination of soil with heavy metals from industrial effluent and their translocation in green vegetables of Peshawar, Pakistan. RSC Advance, 5:14322–14329.
[7]	Antonino, R., Fook, B., Lima, V., Rached, R., Lima, E., Lima, R., Covas, C. and Fook, M. (2017). Preparation and characterization of chitosan Obtained from shells of Shrimp (Litopenaeusvannamei Boone). Marine Drugs, 15(5): 141.
[8]	Bánfalvi, G. (2011). "Heavy Metals, Trace Elements and their Cellular Effects". In Bánfalvi, G. Cellular Effects of Heavy Metals. Springer, 3–28.
[9]	Chen, Z., Ngo, H. and Guo, W. (2013). A critical review on the end uses of recycled water. Critical Review on Environmental Science and Technology, 43:1446–1516.
[21]	Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Dumat, C., Niazi, N., Bibi, I., Gul Bakhat, H., Abbas, G., Murtaza, B. and Javeed, H. (2017). Influence of groundwater and wastewater irrigation on lead accumulation in soil and vegetables: Implications for health risk assessment and phytoremediation. International Journal Phytoremediation, 19: 1037–1046.
[22]	Kulczycka, J., Mineral, T., Lelek, L., Mineral, T. and Lewandowska, A. (2016). Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management—Comparison of results using different LCA models. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 24: 125-140.
[23]	Kutty, S., Ngatenah, S., Isa, M. and Malakahmad, A. (2019). A nutrients removal from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent using Eichhornia crassipes. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 36: 828-833.
[24]	Lee, K. (2018). Earthworms. Their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and Land Use; Academic Press: Orlando, FL, USA, ISBN 0124408605.

[4-9, 21-24]

Lately numerous investigations

[32-37, 40-43]

has demonstrated that nearly all human cancers like lung and prostate cancer can be ascribed to dietary sources.

The impacted soil was found to have characteristic absorption bands at 3244.6 cm⁻¹–3842.9 cm⁻¹ (O–H stretching), 2165–2366.9 cm⁻¹ (CH–stretching), 1654 cm⁻¹ and 1718.3 cm⁻¹ (Amide I), 1436.9 cm⁻¹ (Amide III), and 1407.1 cm⁻¹ (–NH₂ bending) according to a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the table water for bisphenol A related compounds. Its saccharide structure is typified by the absorption bands at 902.1-687.7 cm⁻¹ (skeletal vibrations involving the C-O stretching) and 1069.7 cm⁻¹ 45 (anti-symmetric stretching of the C-O-C bridge). For some rubber package water, Antonino et al. (2017) found that the absorption bands were as follows: 3450 cm⁻¹ (O–H stretching), 1870–2880 cm⁻¹ (CH–stretching), 1655 cm⁻¹ (Amide I), 1580 cm⁻¹ (–NH2 bending), and 1320 cm⁻¹ (Amide III). Its saccharide structure is typified by the absorption bands at 1160 cm⁻¹ (anti-symmetric stretching of the C–O–C bridge) and 1082 and 1032 cm⁻¹ (skeletal vibrations involving the C–O stretching). The elimination of skeletal vibrations by carbonyl bond stretching in Malaysian bottle water was reported by Ezenwelu et al.

[19]

in 46 cases.

5. Conclusion

The study has demonstrated the health risks associated with petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in our city and other nearby locations. Endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol-A, and heavy metals that are known to be health risks can be detrimental to human and related biosystems. Many exploration businesses' standard operating procedures (SOP) require a comprehensive quality review and revision by government regulatory agencies. As a result, regulatory bodies face the difficulty of being truthful and up to date with their actions in order to uphold reason and strict guidelines for enterprises engaged in oil drilling, exploration, and production.

Abbreviations

FTIR	Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy
C-O	Carbonyl
Cu	Copper
Fe	Iron
Zn	Zinc
BDL	Below Detectable Limit

Author’s Contributions

Ezenwelu, Chijioke, Obinna: Conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiment and processed the data, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.

Ilechukwu, Cyril. Chijioke: Co-supervised the research and revised the manuscript.

Onwah, Joy: Carried out the experiment and processed the manuscript.

Chigbo, Malachy Chidiebere: Analyzed the research design and methodology, interpreted the data.

Iloanaya, Lauretta, Eberechukwu: Guided the experimental design and performed the experiment

Oparaji, Emeka Henry: Guided the experimental design, supervised the research, performed the experiment interpreted the data, revised the manuscript and processed the data.

Ethics

Authors declared no ethical issues that may arise after the publication of this manuscript.

Funding

This work was solely funded by the research group of Dr. Ezenwelu Chijioke, O.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Obinna, E. C., Chijioke, I. C., Eberechukwu, I. L., Joy, O., Chidiebere, C. M., et al. (2024). Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 10(4), 78-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11

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Obinna, E. C.; Chijioke, I. C.; Eberechukwu, I. L.; Joy, O.; Chidiebere, C. M., et al. Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil. J. Health Environ. Res. 2024, 10(4), 78-84. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11

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Obinna EC, Chijioke IC, Eberechukwu IL, Joy O, Chidiebere CM, et al. Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil. J Health Environ Res. 2024;10(4):78-84. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11

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@article{10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11,
  author = {Ezenwelu Chijioke Obinna and Ilechukwu Cyril Chijioke and Iloanya Lauretta Eberechukwu and Onwah Joy and Chigbo Malachy Chidiebere and Oparaji Emeka Henry},
  title = {Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil
},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {78-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20241004.11},
  abstract = {There has been increasing influx of noxious pollutants into the ecosystem, these recalcitrant affect all biosphere of life including human progression. Petroleum compounds are the chief source of hydrocarbons and their processing contributes to various fractions of potent poisons into the ecosystem. Petroleum hydrocarbon impacted soil was sampled from spilled sites located within the hinters of Rivers state Nigeria and using a spectroscopic assay method, they were examined for the presence of heavy metals and chemicals associated to bisphenol-A bioaccumulation. The collection point for the control experiment was roughly 1.04 kilometers away from the suburban city. The test and control studies revealed the presence of heavy metals Fe, Pb, and Cu, respectively. However, the concentrations of Fe and Pb were rather high, measuring 14.01±0.05b and 3.52±0.2a mg/ml, respectively. Cu was found at 3.22±025c and 1.08±045c mg/ml for the test and control experiment respectively while 4.56±0.15c mg/g of Pb was identified in the test experiment only Heavy metals of Cd, Ni, As, Pb and Mn were below detectable limit in both experiments, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that sample II's amide I was severely deformed, but all of the damaged soil samples had significant hydroxylation at about 3300 cm-1. The impacted soil sample also exhibited evidence of amide I bending. Because of the population's increasing demand for elite supplies, there is a growing number of oil drilling and exploration businesses in our nation, making the current study of clinical and environmental health vital. The results of this assessment will serve as a suitable manual for monitoring organizations, enabling them to strictly enforce policies for exploration and tighten all departure ports in order to safeguard the ecosystem right away.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil

AU  - Ezenwelu Chijioke Obinna
AU  - Ilechukwu Cyril Chijioke
AU  - Iloanya Lauretta Eberechukwu
AU  - Onwah Joy
AU  - Chigbo Malachy Chidiebere
AU  - Oparaji Emeka Henry
Y1  - 2024/11/22
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 78
EP  - 84
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11
AB  - There has been increasing influx of noxious pollutants into the ecosystem, these recalcitrant affect all biosphere of life including human progression. Petroleum compounds are the chief source of hydrocarbons and their processing contributes to various fractions of potent poisons into the ecosystem. Petroleum hydrocarbon impacted soil was sampled from spilled sites located within the hinters of Rivers state Nigeria and using a spectroscopic assay method, they were examined for the presence of heavy metals and chemicals associated to bisphenol-A bioaccumulation. The collection point for the control experiment was roughly 1.04 kilometers away from the suburban city. The test and control studies revealed the presence of heavy metals Fe, Pb, and Cu, respectively. However, the concentrations of Fe and Pb were rather high, measuring 14.01±0.05b and 3.52±0.2a mg/ml, respectively. Cu was found at 3.22±025c and 1.08±045c mg/ml for the test and control experiment respectively while 4.56±0.15c mg/g of Pb was identified in the test experiment only Heavy metals of Cd, Ni, As, Pb and Mn were below detectable limit in both experiments, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that sample II's amide I was severely deformed, but all of the damaged soil samples had significant hydroxylation at about 3300 cm-1. The impacted soil sample also exhibited evidence of amide I bending. Because of the population's increasing demand for elite supplies, there is a growing number of oil drilling and exploration businesses in our nation, making the current study of clinical and environmental health vital. The results of this assessment will serve as a suitable manual for monitoring organizations, enabling them to strictly enforce policies for exploration and tighten all departure ports in order to safeguard the ecosystem right away.

VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Ezenwelu Chijioke Obinna

Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9971-733X
Ilechukwu Cyril Chijioke

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Bio- Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Amawira, Nigeria
Iloanya Lauretta Eberechukwu

Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Onwah Joy

Department of Applied Biochemistry, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Igbo-Eno, Nigeria
Chigbo Malachy Chidiebere

Department of Applied Biochemistry, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Igbo-Eno, Nigeria
Oparaji Emeka Henry

Department of Applied Biochemistry, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Igbo-Eno, Nigeria

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3335-8813

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Table 1

Table 1. Heavy metal quantification in the soil samples.

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APA Style

Obinna, E. C., Chijioke, I. C., Eberechukwu, I. L., Joy, O., Chidiebere, C. M., et al. (2024). Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 10(4), 78-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11

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ACS Style

Obinna, E. C.; Chijioke, I. C.; Eberechukwu, I. L.; Joy, O.; Chidiebere, C. M., et al. Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil. J. Health Environ. Res. 2024, 10(4), 78-84. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11

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AMA Style

Obinna EC, Chijioke IC, Eberechukwu IL, Joy O, Chidiebere CM, et al. Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil. J Health Environ Res. 2024;10(4):78-84. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11

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@article{10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11,
  author = {Ezenwelu Chijioke Obinna and Ilechukwu Cyril Chijioke and Iloanya Lauretta Eberechukwu and Onwah Joy and Chigbo Malachy Chidiebere and Oparaji Emeka Henry},
  title = {Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil
},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {78-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20241004.11},
  abstract = {There has been increasing influx of noxious pollutants into the ecosystem, these recalcitrant affect all biosphere of life including human progression. Petroleum compounds are the chief source of hydrocarbons and their processing contributes to various fractions of potent poisons into the ecosystem. Petroleum hydrocarbon impacted soil was sampled from spilled sites located within the hinters of Rivers state Nigeria and using a spectroscopic assay method, they were examined for the presence of heavy metals and chemicals associated to bisphenol-A bioaccumulation. The collection point for the control experiment was roughly 1.04 kilometers away from the suburban city. The test and control studies revealed the presence of heavy metals Fe, Pb, and Cu, respectively. However, the concentrations of Fe and Pb were rather high, measuring 14.01±0.05b and 3.52±0.2a mg/ml, respectively. Cu was found at 3.22±025c and 1.08±045c mg/ml for the test and control experiment respectively while 4.56±0.15c mg/g of Pb was identified in the test experiment only Heavy metals of Cd, Ni, As, Pb and Mn were below detectable limit in both experiments, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that sample II's amide I was severely deformed, but all of the damaged soil samples had significant hydroxylation at about 3300 cm-1. The impacted soil sample also exhibited evidence of amide I bending. Because of the population's increasing demand for elite supplies, there is a growing number of oil drilling and exploration businesses in our nation, making the current study of clinical and environmental health vital. The results of this assessment will serve as a suitable manual for monitoring organizations, enabling them to strictly enforce policies for exploration and tighten all departure ports in order to safeguard the ecosystem right away.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spectra Analysis of Endocrine Related Compounds and Heavy Metals in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Impacted Soil

AU  - Ezenwelu Chijioke Obinna
AU  - Ilechukwu Cyril Chijioke
AU  - Iloanya Lauretta Eberechukwu
AU  - Onwah Joy
AU  - Chigbo Malachy Chidiebere
AU  - Oparaji Emeka Henry
Y1  - 2024/11/22
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11
T2  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO  - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP  - 78
EP  - 84
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-3592
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20241004.11
AB  - There has been increasing influx of noxious pollutants into the ecosystem, these recalcitrant affect all biosphere of life including human progression. Petroleum compounds are the chief source of hydrocarbons and their processing contributes to various fractions of potent poisons into the ecosystem. Petroleum hydrocarbon impacted soil was sampled from spilled sites located within the hinters of Rivers state Nigeria and using a spectroscopic assay method, they were examined for the presence of heavy metals and chemicals associated to bisphenol-A bioaccumulation. The collection point for the control experiment was roughly 1.04 kilometers away from the suburban city. The test and control studies revealed the presence of heavy metals Fe, Pb, and Cu, respectively. However, the concentrations of Fe and Pb were rather high, measuring 14.01±0.05b and 3.52±0.2a mg/ml, respectively. Cu was found at 3.22±025c and 1.08±045c mg/ml for the test and control experiment respectively while 4.56±0.15c mg/g of Pb was identified in the test experiment only Heavy metals of Cd, Ni, As, Pb and Mn were below detectable limit in both experiments, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that sample II's amide I was severely deformed, but all of the damaged soil samples had significant hydroxylation at about 3300 cm-1. The impacted soil sample also exhibited evidence of amide I bending. Because of the population's increasing demand for elite supplies, there is a growing number of oil drilling and exploration businesses in our nation, making the current study of clinical and environmental health vital. The results of this assessment will serve as a suitable manual for monitoring organizations, enabling them to strictly enforce policies for exploration and tighten all departure ports in order to safeguard the ecosystem right away.

VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  -

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