Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun; Taiwo Olalekan John; Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

| Peer-Reviewed

Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun, Taiwo Olalekan John, Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 7, Issue 4)

Received: 21 September 2021 Accepted: 14 October 2021 Published: 28 October 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Parasite distribution exhibit heterogeneity within households and communities. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial distribution, clustering and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminths infection in a semi-urban area in Southwest Nigeria. Geographical information System (GIS) was used to map the town into three density areas; low, medium and high density areas. Two hundred and thirty six soil samples were obtained from the surroundings of 137 households and stool samples were collected from the inhabitant of the households. Moran index was used to analyze the spatial distribution of STH within the community. A total of 137 households were sampled for human STH and environmental soil samples from the household were analyzed. The prevalence of human STH infection was 41.7% while that of soil parasite was 27.7% within the selected household. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant STH infection in the community sampled with 24.1% prevalence followed by Hookworm. Spatial analysis showed that A. lumbricoides infection was significantly clustered only in the GIS mapped medium density area of Igbo-Ora (z-score 2.302, p=0.021), while hookworm infection was randomly distributed in all the GIS mapped areas of Igbo-Ora. There was a statistically significant association between human STH infection and presence of parasite in the household soil (x² 5.74, p-value 0.017). None of the risk factors evaluated was found to have significant association for the clustering pattern of infection found in the medium density area of the community. Meanwhile, factors such as; the physical presence of a popularly patronized local market in the area, lack of any visible public toilet and the use of bushes around the area by the people for defecation contribute to the reasons for the clustering of the Ascaris infection. Also, the ability of Ascaris to withstand environmental conditions than other STH parasite may contribute to the pattern observed. The differences in the pattern of distribution and associated risk factors revealed that environmental conditions and exposure factors are major determinant of STH infection.

Published in	Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 7, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13
Page(s)	185-191
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Soil-transmitted Helminths, Spatial Clustering, Density Areas, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm

References

[1]	Bethony, J., Brooker, S., Albonico, M., Geiger, S. M., Loukas, A., Diemert, D. and Hotez, P. J. 2006. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 367: 1521-1532.
[2]	Hay, S. L., Randolph, S. E. and Rogers, D. J. 2000 editors. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Epidemiology. Academic Press; London.
[3]	Brooker S. and Micheal E. 2000. The potential of geographical information system and remote sensing in the epidemiology and control of human helminth infections. Adv. Parasitol. 47: 245-288.
[4]	Uga, S., Nagnaen, W. and Chongsuvivatwong, V. 1997. Contamination of soil with parasite eggs and oocysts in southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health; 28 (3) 14-17.
[5]	Anderson, R. M. and May, R. M. 1991. Infectious Diseases of Humans. Dynamics and Control. Oxford University Press; Oxford.
[6]	Raso, G., Mattys, B., N’Goran, E. K., Tanner, M., Vounatsou, P., and Utzinger, J. 2005. Spatial risk prediction and mapping of Schistosoma mansoni infections among school children living in western Cote d’Ivoire. Parasitology; 131: 97-108 [PubMed: 16038401].
[7]	Raso, G., Vounatsou, P., Gosoniu, L., Tanner, M., N’Goran, E. K. and Utzinger J. 2006. Risk factors and spatial patterns of hookworm infection among schoolchildren in a rural area of western Cote d’ Ivoire. Int J Parasitol 36: 201–10. [PubMed: 16259987].
[8]	Saathoff, E., Olsen, A., Sharp, B., Kvalsvig, J. D., Appleton, C. C., and Kleischmidt, I. 2005. Ecologic covariates of hookworm infection and reinfection in rural Kwazulu- Natal/South Africa: a geographic information system-based study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 384–391.
[9]	Brooker, S., Jardim-Botelho, A., Quinnell, R. J., Geiger, S. M., Caldas, I. R., Fleming, F., Hotez, P. J., Correa-Oliveira, R., Rodrigues, L. C. and Bethony, J. M. (2007) Age- related changes in hookworm infection, anaemia and iron deficiency in an area of high Necator americanus hookworm transmission in south-eastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 101: 146–154.
[10]	Pullan, R. L., Bethony, J. M., Geiger, S. M., Cundill, B., Correa-Oliveira, R., Quinnell, R. J., and Brooker, S. 2008. Human helminth co-infection: analysis of spatial patterns and risk factors in a Brazilian community. PLoS Neglect Trop Dis 2: e352 [PubMed: 19104658].
[11]	Pullan, R. l., Kabatereine, N. B., Quinnell, R. J. and Brooker, S. 2010. Spatial and Genetic Epidemiology of Hookworm in a Rural Community in Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4 (6): e713. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000713.
[12]	Oluwole, A. S., Ekpo, U. F., Karagiannis-Voules, D-A, Abe, E. M., Olamiju, F. O, Isiyaku, S., Okoronkwo, C., Saka, Y., Nebe, O. J., Braide, E. I., Mafiana, C. F., Utzinger, J., and Vounatsou, P. 2015. Bayesian Geostatistical Model-Based Estimates of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in Nigeria, Including Annual Deworming Requirements. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9 (4): e0003740. doi: 10.1371/journal. pntd.0003740.
[13]	Stojčević, D., Sušić, V. and Lučinger, S. 2010. Contamination of soil and sand with parasite elements as a risk factor for human health in public parks and playgrounds in Pula, Croatia. Vet. arhiv 80, 733-742.
[14]	Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge University Press, 2000; 209 (211): 212–215.
[15]	Kobayashi A. 1999. Ascaris, Textbook for seminar on parasite control administration for senior officers- A step towards primary health care. Tokyo; 5: 233-242.
[16]	Adekeye, T. A., Thompson, E. and Awobode H. 2016. Environmental contamination and public health risk of soil parasite in Ibadan South East Local Government Area, Nigeria. ResearchGate DOI: 10.1080/21658005.2016.1161120.
[17]	Ogbolu, D. O., Terry- Alli, O. A., Amoo, A. O. J., Olaosun, I. I., Ilozavbie, G. W., Olusoga-Ogbolu, F. F. 2011. High-level parasitic contamination of soil sampled in Ibadan metropolis. Afr. J. Med. med. Sci. 40, 321-325.
[18]	Holland, C. V., Asaolu, S. O., Crompton, D. W., Stoddart, R. C., Macdonald, R. and Torimiro, S. E. 1989. The epidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides and other soil-transmitted helminth in primary school children from Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Parasitology 99 Pt 2: 275-285.
[19]	Science Communication Unit, University of the West of England, Bristol. 2013. Science for Environment Policy In-depth Report: Soil Contamination: Impacts on Human Health. Report produced for the European Commission DG Environment, September 2013.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun, Taiwo Olalekan John, Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. (2021). Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 7(4), 185-191. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun; Taiwo Olalekan John; Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. J. Health Environ. Res. 2021, 7(4), 185-191. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun, Taiwo Olalekan John, Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. J Health Environ Res. 2021;7(4):185-191. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13,
  author = {Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun and Taiwo Olalekan John and Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa},
  title = {Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {185-191},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20210704.13},
  abstract = {Parasite distribution exhibit heterogeneity within households and communities. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial distribution, clustering and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminths infection in a semi-urban area in Southwest Nigeria. Geographical information System (GIS) was used to map the town into three density areas; low, medium and high density areas. Two hundred and thirty six soil samples were obtained from the surroundings of 137 households and stool samples were collected from the inhabitant of the households. Moran index was used to analyze the spatial distribution of STH within the community. A total of 137 households were sampled for human STH and environmental soil samples from the household were analyzed. The prevalence of human STH infection was 41.7% while that of soil parasite was 27.7% within the selected household. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant STH infection in the community sampled with 24.1% prevalence followed by Hookworm. Spatial analysis showed that A. lumbricoides infection was significantly clustered only in the GIS mapped medium density area of Igbo-Ora (z-score 2.302, p=0.021), while hookworm infection was randomly distributed in all the GIS mapped areas of Igbo-Ora. There was a statistically significant association between human STH infection and presence of parasite in the household soil (x2 5.74, p-value 0.017). None of the risk factors evaluated was found to have significant association for the clustering pattern of infection found in the medium density area of the community. Meanwhile, factors such as; the physical presence of a popularly patronized local market in the area, lack of any visible public toilet and the use of bushes around the area by the people for defecation contribute to the reasons for the clustering of the Ascaris infection. Also, the ability of Ascaris to withstand environmental conditions than other STH parasite may contribute to the pattern observed. The differences in the pattern of distribution and associated risk factors revealed that environmental conditions and exposure factors are major determinant of STH infection.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria
AU - Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun
AU - Taiwo Olalekan John
AU - Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa
Y1 - 2021/10/28
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13
DO - 10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13
T2 - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP - 185
EP - 191
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2472-3592
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13
AB - Parasite distribution exhibit heterogeneity within households and communities. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial distribution, clustering and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminths infection in a semi-urban area in Southwest Nigeria. Geographical information System (GIS) was used to map the town into three density areas; low, medium and high density areas. Two hundred and thirty six soil samples were obtained from the surroundings of 137 households and stool samples were collected from the inhabitant of the households. Moran index was used to analyze the spatial distribution of STH within the community. A total of 137 households were sampled for human STH and environmental soil samples from the household were analyzed. The prevalence of human STH infection was 41.7% while that of soil parasite was 27.7% within the selected household. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant STH infection in the community sampled with 24.1% prevalence followed by Hookworm. Spatial analysis showed that A. lumbricoides infection was significantly clustered only in the GIS mapped medium density area of Igbo-Ora (z-score 2.302, p=0.021), while hookworm infection was randomly distributed in all the GIS mapped areas of Igbo-Ora. There was a statistically significant association between human STH infection and presence of parasite in the household soil (x2 5.74, p-value 0.017). None of the risk factors evaluated was found to have significant association for the clustering pattern of infection found in the medium density area of the community. Meanwhile, factors such as; the physical presence of a popularly patronized local market in the area, lack of any visible public toilet and the use of bushes around the area by the people for defecation contribute to the reasons for the clustering of the Ascaris infection. Also, the ability of Ascaris to withstand environmental conditions than other STH parasite may contribute to the pattern observed. The differences in the pattern of distribution and associated risk factors revealed that environmental conditions and exposure factors are major determinant of STH infection.
VL - 7
IS - 4
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Taiwo Olalekan John

Geographical Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa

Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetic Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun, Taiwo Olalekan John, Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. (2021). Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 7(4), 185-191. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun; Taiwo Olalekan John; Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. J. Health Environ. Res. 2021, 7(4), 185-191. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun, Taiwo Olalekan John, Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. J Health Environ Res. 2021;7(4):185-191. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13,
  author = {Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun and Taiwo Olalekan John and Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa},
  title = {Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {185-191},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20210704.13},
  abstract = {Parasite distribution exhibit heterogeneity within households and communities. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial distribution, clustering and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminths infection in a semi-urban area in Southwest Nigeria. Geographical information System (GIS) was used to map the town into three density areas; low, medium and high density areas. Two hundred and thirty six soil samples were obtained from the surroundings of 137 households and stool samples were collected from the inhabitant of the households. Moran index was used to analyze the spatial distribution of STH within the community. A total of 137 households were sampled for human STH and environmental soil samples from the household were analyzed. The prevalence of human STH infection was 41.7% while that of soil parasite was 27.7% within the selected household. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant STH infection in the community sampled with 24.1% prevalence followed by Hookworm. Spatial analysis showed that A. lumbricoides infection was significantly clustered only in the GIS mapped medium density area of Igbo-Ora (z-score 2.302, p=0.021), while hookworm infection was randomly distributed in all the GIS mapped areas of Igbo-Ora. There was a statistically significant association between human STH infection and presence of parasite in the household soil (x2 5.74, p-value 0.017). None of the risk factors evaluated was found to have significant association for the clustering pattern of infection found in the medium density area of the community. Meanwhile, factors such as; the physical presence of a popularly patronized local market in the area, lack of any visible public toilet and the use of bushes around the area by the people for defecation contribute to the reasons for the clustering of the Ascaris infection. Also, the ability of Ascaris to withstand environmental conditions than other STH parasite may contribute to the pattern observed. The differences in the pattern of distribution and associated risk factors revealed that environmental conditions and exposure factors are major determinant of STH infection.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download